BMS2011 lecture summary for exams

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2011 Lecture Summary – Content List Cartilage Types of cartilage Chondroblasts & chondrocytes Cartilage growth Bone Bone cells Bone structure & osteons Intramembranous vs endochondral ossification Axial vs appendicular skeleton Bone growth, shapes & fracture repair Joints Fibrous, cartilaginous & synovial joints Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis & diarthrosis Types of synovial joints Mobility vs stability Muscle Skeletal, cardiac & smooth muscle Motor units Muscle fibre types Concentric & eccentric contractions Vertebral Column Cervical, thoracic & lumbar vertebrae Atlas (C1) & axis (C2) Spinal curvatures Vertebral movements & ligaments Back Muscles Extrinsic back muscles Intrinsic back muscles Splenius, erector spinae & transversospinalis Thoracic Cage True, false & floating ribs Upper & Lower Limb Anatomy Major bones and anatomical orientation Major joints & joint types Skull & Dentition Neurocranium vs viscerocranium Incisors, canines, premolars & molars Respiratory Anatomy Diaphragm openings Trachea, oesophagus & pharynx Pharyngeal muscles Human Evolution Australopithecus & Paranthropus Ardipithecus Homo ergaster & Homo erectus Modern Homo sapiens Neanderthals Bipedalism & Primate Locomotion Human vs ape skeletal adaptations Quadrupedalism & knuckle walking Brachiation Vertical clinging & leaping Bipedalism Primate Characteristics & Evolution Primate characteristics Brain size Primate evolutionary relationships Human Evolution Models Multiregional model Out-of-Africa/replacement model Animal Diversity & Classification Body plans Taxonomic hierarchy Domain → species Chordates Notochord Dorsal hollow nerve cord Pharyngeal slits Post-anal tail