SCI1021 lecture summaries

Description

SCI1020 Types of Variables Categorical: nominal & ordinal Quantitative: continuous & discrete Describing & Displaying Data Mean, median & mode Range, IQR & standard deviation Histograms & boxplots Normal and skewed distributions Outliers Correlation & Scatterplots Explanatory vs response variables Direction, form & strength of association Correlation coefficient Linear Regression Regression lines & slope Least-squares method Residuals & residual plots R² Extrapolation & lurking variables Non-Linear Relationships Linear vs exponential functions Power functions Linearisation Populations, Samples & Sampling Distributions Population vs sample Parameter vs statistic Sampling variability Law of large numbers Central Limit Theorem Standard error Sampling Methods & Bias Simple random, stratified & systematic sampling Cluster & multistage sampling Selection, non-response & response bias Confidence Intervals Confidence level Margin of error Effect of sample size Z* and t-distributions Hypothesis Testing Null & alternative hypotheses P-values Statistical significance Type I & Type II errors Power T-Tests & Comparing Groups One-sample tests Paired/matched samples Two independent samples Categorical Data & Chi-Square Tests Contingency tables Chi-square test of independence Chi-square goodness-of-fit Simpson’s paradox Study Design Observational vs experimental studies Case-control studies Randomised controlled trials Randomisation, control, placebo & blinding Blocking & matched-pair designs Repeated-measures & factorial designs Confounding variables