H1 (88) Food for a healthy plant 2 (UNIB20014) notes

Description

These notes contain information on the following topics Nutrition - Why do we eat what we eat? - Epidemiologic transition - Functional Foods - Phytonutrients and Bioactive compounds - Super foods - Micronutrient deficiency - Factors influencing vitamin D deficiency - Preventing micronutrient deficiencies - Human microbiome - Gut Microbiota - Functions of the microbiome - Factors influencing microbiota - Healthy microbiome diet - Daily servings of fruit and veg - Benefits of fruits and vegetables - EAT Lancet Nutrition – diets - Meat consumption trends - Two main arguments to decrease meat consumption - Environmental benefits of decreasing meat consumption - Types of plant based diets - Health benefits of plant based diets - Plant diet positives - Meat alternatives/alternative proteins - Complete and complementary proteins - Key nutrients to consider with vegetarians and vegan diets - Paleo and Keto diets Nutrition – fats - Function of fats and lipids - Fats in foods - Problem with trans fats - Trans vs saturated fats - Cholesterol Nutrition – carbs - Role of carbohydrates in the body - Carbohydrate classification - Available carbohydrate metabolism - Recommended carbohydrate intake - Available carbohydrates: Diet and disease - Energy balance: Does increasing/decreasing carbs affect body - weight? - Should I still eat sugars and starches? - Changing environment for sugars – sugar sweetened drinks (SSB) - Alternate sweeteners - Dietary fibre/unavailable carbohydrates metabolism - Characteristics of dietary fibre - 4 Types of resistant starch - Resistant starch benefits Nutrition – dairy - Role of nutrition in achieving Sustainable development goals - How are dietary guidelines set? - For milk and dairy foods – what is recommended in Australia - Other sources of calcium - Lactose intolerance and dairy - Effects of dairy intake on health - Future considerations for guidelines - NOVA - Are plant “milks” nutritionally equivalent? - Recommendations and intake around the world for milk and dairy - foods Malnutrition - Double burden of malnutrition - Major global nutrition problems - Low birth weight - Intergenerational cycle of growth - Chronic malnutrition – stunting - Acute malnutrition – wasting - Acute malnutrition – Marasmus - Acute malnutrition – Kwashiorkor - Obesity - Micronutrient deficiencies – hidden hunger effects - Malnutrition statistics - World Health assembly nutrition targets - Causes of deaths among children under the age of 5 – 2008 - Impacts of undernutrition during pregnancy and early childhood - Causes of undernutrition - Conceptual framework of the determinants of child undernutrition - Application of the conceptual model - Copenhagen consensus: High benefit cost ratio - Nutrition sensitive actions - Nutrition specific actions - Interventions to meet maternal and child nutritional needs - Reduction in child mortality at full coverage Pregnancy - Socioecological model: interconnected influences on health - First 1000 days - Nutrition prior to pregnancy - Critical period and neural tube defects - Changes during pregnancy - Physiology of lactation - Weight gain during pregnancy - Nutrition during to pre-pregnancy, pregnancy and lactation - Early life nutrition: Pregnancy - Practices incompatible with pregnancy - Breastmilk benefits - Breastmilk - Factors that influence breastfeeding practices - Alternate to breast milk Salt - What is salt - Where do we get salt from? - History of salt in the human diet - Salt in cells location - Role of salt in food - Role of salt in the body - Recommendations and current intake of salt in Australia - Health issues with high salt intake - Blood pressure levels - High vs low intake of salt - Sources of salt in the diet - Issues with measuring salt and health issues - Measures to reduce salt intake Food marketing and safety - Scientific thinking vs normal - Advertising and exploiting psychology - Scientific methods vs general-public thinking style - Food safety program - Problems with fast intuitive human decisions - Purity moral intuition - Bonsoy saga - Hepatitis A - Nanna’s frozen berries Saga - Testing of foods - Scientific approach and Food safety programs - What have we learnt about using a scientific approach about food - safety assurance - Implementation of food safety programs Steps to improve food safety - Important food risk management concepts - Preventing harm - Types of food hazards - Identifying disease causes - Risk control steps in supply chain - Sprouted beans in Europe - 2011 - Sprouts and pathogens - Take home messages – preventing disease Economics - Overview of supply and demand - Economics and their approach - Food security - Food security and duration - Measures of food security - Challenges - Nutrition challenges: Australia - Importance of food in Australian budgets - History over the last 50 years - Global real food prices – recent - Future global food challenges: Demand - Future global food challenges: Supply - OECD – FAO view of the future - Peasant economy - Modern economy - Basic model to explain food market decisions and outcomes - Farm production, Q - Choosing inputs and yield – production function - Marginal cost - Marginal benefit - How much inputs to use? - Supply and Demand curve - Combining supply and demand curves - Change to market equilibrium: demand curve shifts - Change market equilibrium: Supply curve shifts - Short term food price spikes - International trade, or exports and imports of food: before trade - International trade: summary - Government policies which distort international trade - Explaining history - Explaining farm food price strikes - Demand shifts and the future - Can supply shifts match the growth in demand? - What if demand shifts exceed supply shifts? - OECD and FAO projections to 2028 - Markets and governments - Advantages of competitive markets - Key roles for governments - Key roles for government to establish and monitor property rights - R&D and new technology - Examples of Government intervention to increase R&D - Policy towards hunger - Food aid to the poor in developing countries Genetically modified foods - Crop domestication - Genetic modification – sexual breeding - Genetically modified organisms – genetic engineering - Purpose of GM’s - First generation of biotechnology crops - Biofortification - Examples of biofortification - Bollgard Cotton – Bt cotton - Bt Corn - Yield and income increase from biotechnology - Examples of crop improvement through genetic engineering - Golden rice - Essential fatty acids and sources - Essential fatty acids through history - Purpose of essential fatty acids - Source of omega 3 – fish – problems - Source of omega 6 - Biofortification – omega 3 - Consumer acceptance - Regulation of GMOs - Areas of ongoing debate - Environmental concerns – GM crops - Human health concerns – GM crops - Food security concerns – GM crops - Socioeconomic concerns – GM crops Fisheries - Global importance of seafood - Global seafood consumption - Global seafood production - The world’s largest fisheries - Australia and fisheries - Australia’s largest fisheries - Barriers to expanding wild fisheries - Overfishing - Environmental impacts of fishing - Bycatch - Interactions with TEP species - Altering habitat and ecosystems - Managing for sustainability - Future of wild fisheries - Aquaculture – farming seafood - Aquaculture history - Top producers of farmed species - Major farmed species - Aquaculture efficiency - Aquaculture feeds - Omega 3 and fisheries - GM fish - Can we expand aquaculture to feed the world? - Where to put aquafarms - What to do with waste from aquafarms - How to protect wild populations - Future for aquaculture - Sustainability standards - Whose responsibility is it to ensure a sustainable future? - Recipe to feed the world Animal Welfare - History of factory farming - Farm animal welfare and the five freedoms - Approaches to governing farm animal welfare - Animal welfare and layer hens - Free range egg sale percentages - Meaning of free range eggs - ACCC enforcement action - Chickens and growth - RSPCA approved chickens - Role of different stakeholder groups in driving higher welfare for - meat chickens - Pig production systems in Australia - Debate over pig welfare –sow stalls - Issues in systems of higher pig welfare - Key themes from the case studies Food issues - Define food security and insecurity - Feeding the world in 2050 – the facts - Causes of insufficient food - The microclimate environment - Impacts of pathogens on our food - Impacts of disease on the food supply chain - Two serious diseases threatening the world’s food supply - Irish Potato Famine - Potato blight fungus - Identification of resistance genes - Stem rust - Brown Spot of rice - Bacterial leaf blight of rice - African Cassava Mosaic disease - Smut Disease of Napier grass - Cattle Rinderpest Virus - Postharvest contamination - Impacts of mycotoxins - Purposeful contamination - Main categories of bioagents