Principles of Biomechanics and Motion Analysis

By: Iwan W. Griffiths

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Paperback | 24 October 2005 | Edition Number 1

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This text offers a practical approach to biomechanics and motion analysis by illustrating mechanical and mathematical principles with real-world examples. The book explains the principles of mechanics and covers all aspects of kinematics and kinetics. Basic principles are illustrated with actual data obtained in laboratory settings. Case studies in each chapter present real situations to provide a deeper understanding of the principles. Each chapter ends with study questions. Mathematics is restricted to the essentials and many advanced calculations are performed using spreadsheet calculations. More than 250 illustrations complement the text. http://thepoint.lww.com/product/isbn/9780781752312

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International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 28-JAN-06, Volume 1, Issue 4 -- "In contrast to textbooks that use hypotheticalor idealized data, the author deals with data that might require processing before any conclusions can be drawn from it and, in doing so, uses this to facilitate understanding ofprinciples in motion analysis and biomechanics...This book is a significant addition to the biomechanics textbook market and can beconsidered as essential reading for every teacher of biomechanics who uses a motion analysis system... Iwan Griffiths has laid the foundation for a more specialized textbook to be produced that focuses on motion analysis of sports techniques and numerous real data sets that can be applied to coaching."

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Non-Fiction Medicine Medicine in General Pre-Clinical Medicine & Basic Sciences Physiology Biomechanics, Human Kinetics Other Branches of Medicine Sports Injuries & Medicine

Preface	p. v
Introduction to Motion Analysis	p. 1
Introduction to Motion Analysis	p. 1
Two-dimensional (2D) Motion Analysis	p. 2
Three-dimensional (3D) Motion Analysis	p. 3
Digital Camcorder With DVD Storage for Video Analysis	p. 5
Calibration of Motion Analysis Systems	p. 6
Video-based Two-dimensional Systems	p. 6
Three-dimensional Optical Motion Capture Systems	p. 7
High-Speed Videography	p. 8
Two- and Three-Dimensional Kinematics	p. 9
Automated Multi-camera Systems With LED Strobes and Retro-reflective Markers	p. 10
Instrumentation for Measurement of Force and Pressure	p. 12
Introduction to Force Transducers	p. 12
Force Plates	p. 12
Plantar Pressure Distribution Measurement	p. 13
Application of Motion Analysis to Design of Sports Equipment	p. 15
Application of Motion Analysis for Improving Sports Techniques	p. 17
Application of Motion Analysis to Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation	p. 21
Scalar Quantities and Vector Quantities in Mechanics and Motion Analysis	p. 25
Adding and Subtracting Vectors	p. 26
Examples of Scalar Quantities	p. 26
Examples of Vector Quantities	p. 27
Addition of Scalars	p. 27
Examples of Scalar Addition	p. 27
Addition of Vectors	p. 27
Adding Two Vectors at Right Angles	p. 30
Magnitude and Direction of Force Vectors During Walking	p. 31
Parallelogram Rule	p. 34
Resolution of a Vector Into Components	p. 37
Resolution of a Vector Along Two Perpendicular Directions	p. 37
Unit Vectors in Three Dimensions	p. 39
Multiplication of Vectors	p. 39
Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar	p. 39
Higher Velocity with New Golf Club	p. 40
Velocity of Cricket Ball at Different Times	p. 40
Scalar Product of Two Vectors	p. 41
Downward and Upward Movements in a Squat	p. 43
Vector Product of Two Vectors	p. 44
System of Units	p. 47
Linear Kinematics	p. 52
The Law of Inertia	p. 53
Measurement of an Object's Speed or Velocity	p. 53
Graphical Means of Deriving Velocity	p. 54
Velocity of a Toboggan Sliding Along a Track Measured by Students	p. 56
Equations for Displacement and Velocity for the Case of Uniform Acceleration	p. 58
Acceleration as the Slope of a Velocity-Time Graph	p. 62
Light Gates Used to Obtain Split Times in a 100m Sprint	p. 63
Frames of Reference	p. 65
Projectiles	p. 66
Resolution of Velocity Into Vertical and Horizontal Components	p. 66
Finding the Flight Time T	p. 68
Finding the Horizontal Range R	p. 69
Projectile Released at a Height Above or Below the Level at Which it Lands	p. 69
Parabolic Path	p. 70
Motion of a Hockey Ball After Bouncing From Floor Using Motion Analysis	p. 71
Equilibrium	p. 77
Conditions for Static Equilibrium	p. 77
The Effect of Friction and Its Importance for Establishing Equilibrium	p. 78
Hockey Ball Rolling Across a Flat Level Synthetic Polymer Surface	p. 80
Definition of Moment of a Force	p. 80
Adding and Subtracting Parallel Forces	p. 81
Weight Distribution Between the Left and Right Feet	p. 82
Center of Gravity and Center of Mass	p. 83
Center of Mass of Human Body Found Using Reaction Board Method	p. 84
Couples: Two Equal and Opposite Forces Applied at Different Points	p. 85
Bodies at Rest	p. 86
Equilibrium Under the Action of Two Forces	p. 87
Center of Mass of a Stationary Body	p. 88
Equilibrium Under the Action of Three Forces	p. 89
Three Parallel Forces	p. 90
Three Nonparallel Forces	p. 91
Hydrostatics and Flotation	p. 93
Hydrostatic Pressure as a Function of Depth	p. 93
Upthrust on an Immersed Body	p. 93
Specific Gravity	p. 94
The Segmental Method for Estimating a Person's Center of Mass	p. 94
Free Body Diagrams	p. 98
Calculation of Unknown Forces	p. 98
Calculation of Joint Moments	p. 101
Buoyancy and Stability in a Kayak	p. 102
Dynamics I	p. 109
Inertia and Mass	p. 109
Force	p. 110
Newton's First Law	p. 110
Gravitational Forces	p. 110
Newton's Second Law	p. 111
Measurements of Mass and Force	p. 112
Comparing Unknown Forces With Known Forces	p. 112
Strain Gauges	p. 112
Load Cells and Force Platforms	p. 113
Voltage Output Calculations	p. 114
COP Calculation	p. 115
Male Subject Wearing Trainers Walking Across a Force Plate	p. 115
The Acceleration Attributable to Gravity and Weight	p. 116
Vertical Jumping	p. 117
Newton's Third Law	p. 120
Friction	p. 122
Friction and Area of Contact	p. 124
Friction and Velocity	p. 124
Summary of Static Friction and Kinetic Friction	p. 125
Maximum Speed on Banked Race Track	p. 127
Rolling Friction on Hockey Ball	p. 128
The Momentum of a Body	p. 128
Projectile Motion, Taking Into Account the Drag Force	p. 130
Introduction	p. 130
Reynolds' Number	p. 130
Drag Force and Its Effect on the Motion	p. 132
Numerically Modeling a Ball's Motion	p. 132
Dynamics II	p. 138
Work Done by a Constant Force	p. 138
Work Done by a Force That Varies	p. 140
Kinetic Energy	p. 142
Gravitational Potential Energy	p. 143
Conservation of Mechanical Energy	p. 144
Power	p. 146
Impulsive Forces and Collisions	p. 146
The Impulse-Momentum Relationship	p. 146
Special Case of a Constant Impulsive Force	p. 148
Collisions in One Dimension	p. 148
Conservation of Linear Momentum	p. 149
Elastic and Inelastic Collisions	p. 150
Coefficient of Restitution of a Ball Measured by Incident and Rebound Velocities From a Steel Surface	p. 152
Oblique Impacts	p. 154
Bat-and-Ball Games and the Effect of Spin	p. 154
Oscillations	p. 156
Springs and Hooke's Law	p. 156
Oscillatory Motion	p. 157
Damped Oscillations	p. 159
Calculation of the Friction Coefficient b in a Simple Mass-Spring Oscillator	p. 161
Pendula	p. 162
The Simple Pendulum	p. 162
The Physical Pendulum	p. 163
Acute Effects of Exercise on Passive Joint Stiffness	p. 164
Angular Kinematics	p. 169
Fundamentals of Rotational Motion	p. 169
Angular Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration	p. 169
The Relationship Between Linear Velocity and Angular Velocity	p. 171
Tangential and Centripetal Accelerations	p. 171
Absolute Angles and Relative Angles	p. 174
Calculation of Angular Information from (x,y) Coordinate Data	p. 175
Calculation of Angular Displacements	p. 175
Calculation of Angular Velocity From Angular Displacement	p. 176
Calculation of Angular Acceleration From Angular Velocity Data	p. 177
Formulas for Rotation for the Case of Constant Angular Acceleration	p. 178
The Rotation of a Football	p. 179
Evaluation of Centripetal and Tangential Accelerations on a Stunt Rider	p. 181
The Use of Angle-Angle Diagrams in Comparison of Sprinting Drills	p. 183
Rotational Dynamics	p. 189
Angular Motion Vectors	p. 189
Torque	p. 191
Rotational Inertia	p. 192
Calculating the Moment of Inertia	p. 196
Moment of Inertia of Human Body	p. 197
Angular Momentum	p. 199
Angular Kinetic Energy	p. 201
Combined Translation and Rotation	p. 201
Angular Momentum in Linked Systems	p. 203
Manipulation of Axis of Rotation	p. 204
Power Flows in a Lower Leg Segment	p. 205
Data Filtering, Smoothing, and Trends	p. 210
Coordinate Data	p. 210
Calculation of Velocity and Acceleration From Displacement-Time Coordinate Data	p. 212
The Problem of Noise on Signals	p. 214
Noise Removal by Finite Difference Smoothing	p. 217
Missing Data	p. 219
Fitting Trend Lines to Data	p. 221
Fitting Curves to Linear Data	p. 221
Summary	p. 224
Fitting Curves to Quadratic and Cubic Data	p. 226
Do My Data Fit a Trend or Not?	p. 227
A Suspected Linear Trend	p. 227
A Suspected Quadratic Trend	p. 230
A Simple Method for Data Smoothing and Interpolation	p. 230
Fourier Analysis	p. 233
The Sampling Theorem	p. 234
Digital Filtering	p. 235
Phase Shift	p. 237
Exploration of Motion Data Using Spreadsheets	p. 242
Text or ASCII Files	p. 242
Finite-Difference Formulas	p. 243
Moving-Point Averages	p. 246
Calculating Magnitudes of Vector Quantities From the Components	p. 248
Drawing Smoothed and Curved Trend Lines Through Data Points	p. 248
Calculating Relative and Absolute Angles	p. 251
Reduction of Noise on Angular Velocity-Time Graphs Using Moving-Point Average Methods	p. 252
Dynamic Analyses	p. 254
Correcting for Friction in a Moment of Inertia Experiment	p. 257
Balls in Flight and Fluid Dynamics	p. 263
Viscosity	p. 263
Buoyancy Forces	p. 264
Density and Specific Gravity	p. 265
Buoyancy of the Human Body	p. 266
Dynamic Fluid Forces	p. 266
Relative Velocity	p. 267
Drag Force	p. 268
Lift Force	p. 270
Bernoulli's Principle	p. 271
Spin and the Magnus Effect	p. 271
Center of Pressure	p. 273
Effects of Dynamic Fluid Forces	p. 273
The Boundary Layer	p. 274
The Curling Kick	p. 276
A Soccer Ball in Flight	p. 278
Gait Analysis and Biomechanics	p. 286
What is Gait Analysis?	p. 286
Temporal Parameters of the Gait Cycle	p. 287
Body Segments	p. 287
Joint Motions	p. 290
Angular Velocity of a Body Segment	p. 292
Ground Reaction Forces	p. 293
Kinetic Studies	p. 297
Obtaining Joint Forces	p. 297
Quasi-static Determination of the Joint Moments	p. 298
Power	p. 300
Injuries	p. 302
Answers to Study Questions	p. 303
Units of Measurement and Mathematical Methods	p. 313
Anatomy and Movement of the Ankle and Foot	p. 327
Index	p. 333
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Principles of Biomechanics and Motion Analysis

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